A Review on Exploring the Role of Solanum Nigrum L in the Management of Parkinson Disease

Abstract

Solanum nigrum L. (black nightshade) has gained significant attention for its potential to help with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This disease is marked by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The causes of PD involve oxidative stress, ongoing neuroinflammation, problems with mitochondria, and abnormal protein buildup. Traditional treatments like levodopa provide only temporary relief and come with serious side effects. Because of this, researchers are looking into multi-targeted plant-based options. S. nigrum has a diverse chemical profile that helps counteract these neurodegenerative processes. Its steroidal glycoalkaloids, such as solanine and solamargine, reduce neuroinflammation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling. Its flavonoids, like quercetin and kaempferol, along with phenolic acids, lessen reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid damage while also stabilizing dopamine levels. Moreover, its lignanamides can impact autophagy, possibly reducing α-synuclein buildup. In addition, its saponins, carotenoids, and polysaccharides provide further immune support and prevent cell death. This review brings together the ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and experimental insights about S. nigrum. It emphasizes the need for more detailed studies and clinical tests to confirm its potential as a complementary treatment for PD.